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To run QEMU you will need a hard disk image, unless you are booting a live system from CD-ROM or the network (and not doing so to install an operating system to a hard disk image). A hard disk image is a file which stores the contents of the emulated hard disk.
Alternatively, the hard disk image can be in a format such as qcow2 which only allocates space to the image file when the guest operating system actually writes to those sectors on its virtual hard disk. The image appears as the full size to the guest operating system, even though it may take up only a very small amount of space on the host system. This image format also supports QEMU snapshotting functionality (see #Creating and managing snapshots via the monitor console for details). However, using this format instead of raw will likely affect performance.
After enlarging the disk image, you must use file system and partitioning tools inside the virtual machine to actually begin using the new space. When shrinking a disk image, you must first reduce the allocated file systems and partition sizes using the file system and partitioning tools inside the virtual machine and then shrink the disk image accordingly, otherwise shrinking the disk image will result in data loss! For a Windows guest, open the \"create and format hard disk partitions\" control panel.
The default firmware used by QEMU is SeaBIOS, which is a Legacy BIOS implementation. QEMU uses /usr/share/qemu/bios-256k.bin (provided by the seabios package) as a default read-only (ROM) image. You can use the -bios argument to select another firmware file. However, UEFI requires writable memory to work properly, so you need to emulate PC System Flash instead.
Another and more preferable way is to split OVMF into two files. The first one will be read-only and store the firmware executable, and the second one will be used as a writable variable store. The advantage is that you can use the firmware file directly without copying, so it will be updated automatically by pacman.
Data can be shared between the host and guest OS using any network protocol that can transfer files, such as NFS, SMB, NBD, HTTP, FTP, or SSH, provided that you have set up the network appropriately and enabled the appropriate services.
QEMU's documentation says it has a \"built-in\" SMB server, but actually it just starts up Samba on the host with an automatically generated smb.conf file located in /tmp/qemu-smb.random_string and makes it accessible to the guest at a different IP address (10.0.2.4 by default). This only works for user networking, and is useful when you do not want to start the normal Samba service on the host, which the guest can also access if you have set up shares on it.
One way to share multiple directories and to add or remove them while the virtual machine is running, is to share an empty directory and create/remove symbolic links to the directories in the shared directory. For this to work, the configuration of the running SMB server can be changed with the following script, which also allows the execution of files on the guest that are not set executable on the host:
This can be applied to the running server started by qemu only after the guest has connected to the network drive the first time. An alternative to this method is to add additional shares to the configuration file like so:
The offset=32256 option is actually passed to the losetup program to set up a loopback device that starts at byte offset 32256 of the file and continues to the end. This loopback device is then mounted. You may also use the sizelimit option to specify the exact size of the partition, but this is usually unnecessary.
Sometimes, you may wish to use one of your system partitions from within QEMU. Using a raw partition for a virtual machine will improve performance, as the read and write operations do not go through the file system layer on the physical host. Such a partition also provides a way to share data between the host and guest.
In Arch Linux, device files for raw partitions are, by default, owned by root and the disk group. If you would like to have a non-root user be able to read and write to a raw partition, you must either change the owner of the partition's device file to that user, add that user to the disk group, or use ACL for more fine-grained access control.
However, things are a little more complicated if you want to have the entire virtual machine contained in a partition. In that case, there would be no disk image file to actually boot the virtual machine since you cannot install a boot loader to a partition that is itself formatted as a file system and not as a partitioned device with an MBR. Such a virtual machine can be booted either by: #Specifying kernel and initrd manually, #Simulating a virtual disk with MBR, #Using the device-mapper, #Using a linear RAID or #Using a Network Block Device.
QEMU supports loading Linux kernels and init ramdisks directly, thereby circumventing boot loaders such as GRUB. It then can be launched with the physical partition containing the root file system as the virtual disk, which will not appear to be partitioned. This is done by issuing a command similar to the following:
A more complicated way to have a virtual machine use a physical partition, while keeping that partition formatted as a file system and not just having the guest partition the partition as if it were a disk, is to simulate an MBR for it so that it can boot using a boot loader such as GRUB.
For the following, suppose you have a plain, unmounted /dev/hdaN partition with some file system on it you wish to make part of a QEMU disk image. The trick is to dynamically prepend a master boot record (MBR) to the real partition you wish to embed in a QEMU raw disk image. More generally, the partition can be any part of a larger simulated disk, in particular a block device that simulates the original physical disk but only exposes /dev/hdaN to the virtual machine.
A virtual disk of this type can be represented by a VMDK file that contains references to (a copy of) the MBR and the partition, but QEMU does not support this VMDK format. For instance, a virtual disk created by
Note that VBoxManage creates two files, file.vmdk and file-pt.vmdk, the latter being a copy of the MBR, to which the text file file.vmdk points. Read operations outside the target partition or the MBR would give zeros, while written data would be discarded.
A method that is similar to the use of a VMDK descriptor file uses the device-mapper to prepend a loop device attached to the MBR file to the target partition. In case we do not need our virtual disk to have the same size as the original, we first create a file to hold the MBR:
Here, a 1 MiB (2048 * 512 bytes) file is created in accordance with partition alignment policies used by modern disk partitioning tools. For compatibility with older partitioning software, 63 sectors instead of 2048 might be required. The MBR only needs a single 512 bytes block, the additional free space can be used for a BIOS boot partition and, in the case of a hybrid partitioning scheme, for a GUID Partition Table. Then, we attach a loop device to the MBR file:
The table provided as standard input to dmsetup has a similar format as the table in a VDMK descriptor file produced by VBoxManage and can alternatively be loaded from a file with dmsetup create qemu --table table_file. To the virtual machine, only /dev/hdaN is accessible, while the rest of the hard disk reads as zeros and discards written data, except for the first sector. We can print the table for /dev/mapper/qemu with dmsetup table qemu (use udevadm info -rq name /sys/dev/block/major:minor to translate major:minor to the corresponding /dev/blockdevice name). Use dmsetup remove qemu and losetup -d $loop to delete the created devices.
A situation where this example would be useful is an existing Windows XP installation in a multi-boot configuration and maybe a hybrid partitioning scheme (on the physical hardware, Windows XP could be the only operating system that uses the MBR partition table, while more modern operating systems installed on the same computer could use the GUID Partition Table). Windows XP supports hardware profiles, so that that the same installation can be used with different hardware configurations alternatingly (in this case bare metal vs. virtual) with Windows needing to install drivers for newly detected hardware only once for every profile. Note that in this example the boot loader code in the copied MBR needs to be updated to directly load Windows XP from /dev/hdaN instead of trying to start the multi-boot capable boot loader (like GRUB) present in the original system. Alternatively, a copy of the boot partition containing the boot loader installation can be included in the virtual disk the same way as the MBR.
Here, a 16 KiB (32 * 512 bytes) file is created. It is important not to make it too small (even if the MBR only needs a single 512 bytes block), since the smaller it will be, the smaller the chunk size of the software RAID device will have to be, which could have an impact on performance. Then, you setup a loopback device to the MBR file: 59ce067264
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